Bibliographic references

Capture each reference in a bibliography or reference list using a mixed-citation element within a ref element, containing the entire text of the reference, including any punctuation.

mixed-citation

Capture a publication-type attribute on the mixed-citation element, with one of the following values:

book (for references to books and chapters)
data (for references to databases)
journal (for references to journal articles)
other (for references to any other types of content)
software (for references to software)

Capture punctuation outside the element children of mixed-citation, except for those cases when the punctuation is integral to the content of the child element.

Capture punctuation of authors' initials exactly as in the source.

Do not add carriage returns or other whitespace when capturing a mixed-citation element; only include whitespace present in the printed text.

Within the mixed-citation element, capture the following components of a bibliographic reference.

Contributor

Capture each contributor within the reference in a person-group element with a string-name child (or a collab child for a group of collaborators).

Capture a person-group-type on the person-group element, indicating the role of the contributors (author, editor, or translator). Capture one person-group element per role.

Within the string-name element, capture the contributor's surname in a surname element (including any prefix such as de or van der) and their given names (or initials) in a given-names element.

If only one name is provided, capture it in a surname element.

Capture et al within an etal element. E.g. <etal>et al</etal>

Title

Capture the title of a book or journal in a source element.

Capture the title of a book chapter in a chapter-title element.

Capture the title of a journal article in an article-title element.

Capture the name of a data set in a data-title element.

Capture the name of software in a part-title element.

Publication date

Capture the year of publication in a year element.

Edition

Capture the edition of a book in a edition element. This field has a character limit of 15 characters. If the edition has a number, capture the integer value in a designator attribute.

Volume/issue of a journal article

Capture the volume number of a journal article in a volume element. Capture the issue number in an issue element. Note these fields have a character limit of 32 characters.

Page location

Capture the first page of an item in a fpage element.

If the last page is present in full (not abbreviated), capture it in an lpage element. Note these fields have a character limit of 32 characters.

Capture a location of an online-only resource in a elocation-id element.

DOI

Capture the DOI of an item in a pub-id element with attribute pub-id-type="doi".

PubMed ID

Capture the PubMed identifier of an item in a pub-id element with attribute pub-id-type="pmid".

arXiv ID

Capture the arXiv identifier of an item in a pub-id element with attribute pub-id-type="arxiv".

Reference to a journal article

<ref id="ref1">
  <label>1</label>
  <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
    <person-group person-group-type="author">
      <string-name name-style="western"><surname>von Hecker</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>
    </person-group>
    <article-title>Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications</article-title>. 
    <source>New Eng J Med</source> 
    <year>1971</year>, 
    <volume>285</volume>: 
    <fpage>1182</fpage>–<lpage>1186</lpage>.
  </mixed-citation>
</ref>

Reference to a journal article by a group of collaborators

The element person-group person-group-type="author" contains information about all the authors, including the etal element.

<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>NR</given-names></string-name>,
    <string-name><surname>Hegazy</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></string-name>, 
    <etal>et al</etal>
  </person-group>; 
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <collab>Oxford IBD Cohort Investigators</collab>
  </person-group>. 
  <article-title>Oncostatin M drives intestinal inflammation 
    and predicts response to tumor necrosis factor–neutralizing therapy 
    in patients with inflammatory bowel disease</article-title>. 
  <source>Nat Med</source> 
  <year>2017</year>;<volume>23</volume>:<fpage>579</fpage>–<lpage>89</lpage>.
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a journal article with a DOI

<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <string-name><surname>Hermanns</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>
  </person-group>. 
  <article-title>Oncostatin M and interleukin-31: cytokines, 
    receptors, signal transduction and physiology</article-title>. 
  <source>Cytokine Growth Factor Rev</source> 
  <year>2015</year>;<volume>26</volume>:<fpage>545</fpage>–<lpage>58</lpage>. 
  <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a book chapter

<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <string-name><surname>Hinch</surname>, <given-names>EJ</given-names></string-name> 
  </person-group>
  (<year>1988</year>) 
  “<chapter-title>Hydrodynamics at Low Reynolds Number: a brief and elementary introduction</chapter-title>” 
  in <source>Disorder and Mixing</source>. 
  <string-name><surname>Guyon</surname>, <given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, 
  <string-name><surname>Nadal</surname>, <given-names>JP</given-names></string-name> 
  and <string-name><surname>Pomeau</surname>, <given-names>Y</given-names></string-name> eds., 
  N.A.T.O. A.S.I. E series, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 
  <volume>152</volume>, <fpage>43</fpage>‒<lpage>55</lpage>.
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a book

<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <string-name name-style="western"><surname>Hallman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>
  </person-group>
  <source>Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Unsafe Sexual Behaviors among Young Women and Men in South Africa</source>. 
  Working Paper No. 190. 
  <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>: 
  <publisher-name>Population Coucil</publisher-name>, 
  <year>2004</year>.
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a an edition of a book

This example also illustrates a collab element for a group of collaborators.

<mixed-citation publication-type="book">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <collab>American Psychiatric Association</collab>
  </person-group>. 
  <source>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</source>. 
  <edition designator="4">4th edition</edition>. 
  <publisher-loc>Washington DC</publisher-loc>, 
  <year>1994</year>.
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a journal article with arXiv ID

<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
    <string-name name-style="western"><surname>Mestel</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></string-name>
  </person-group>
  <year>1994</year>
  <source>MNRAS</source>
  <volume>271</volume>
  <fpage>621</fpage>
  <pub-id pub-id-type="arxiv">arXiv:hep-th/0111092</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>

Reference to a database

For the curators of a data set, use a person-group-type="curator" attribute on the person-group element.

Capture the name of the database in a data-title element.

<mixed-citation publication-type="data">
  <person-group person-group-type="curator">
    <string-name><surname>Lan</surname><given-names>T-M</given-names></string-name>, 
    <string-name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>H-X</given-names></string-name>, 
    <string-name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>W-J</given-names></string-name> <etal />
  </person-group>
  <data-title>Supporting data for “Deep whole-genome sequencing of 90 Han Chinese genomes.”</data-title>
  <source>GigaScience Database</source>
  <year>2017</year>. 
  <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5524/100302</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>

<mixed-citation publication-type="data">
  <person-group person-group-type="curator">
    <string-name><surname>Cantoni</surname><given-names>Davide</given-names></string-name>, 
    <string-name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>David Y.</given-names></string-name>, 
    <string-name><surname>Yuchtman</surname><given-names>Noam</given-names></string-name>, 
    <string-name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Jane</given-names></string-name>
  </person-group>, 
  <data-title>“Replication Data for: ‘Protests as Strategic Games: 
    Experimental Evidence from Hong Kong's Antiauthoritarian Movement’,”</data-title> 
  (<year>2019</year>), 
  <source>Harvard Dataverse</source>. 
  <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7910/DVN/GVOMUR</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>

Reference to software

Capture the name of the software in a part-title element.

<mixed-citation publication-type="software">
             <person-group person-group-type="author">
             <string-name><surname>Bates</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></string-name>
             </person-group>
             <part-title>Genome visualisation tool </part-title>
             <source>GitHub</source>
             <year>2022</year>. 
             <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5527/104568</pub-id>
             </mixed-citation>

Reference to another type of content

If the reference cannot be identified as a book, chapter, or journal article, capture it as plain text within the mixed-citation element. Give this element an attribute publication-type="other".

<mixed-citation publication-type="other">
  <italic>Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</italic>,
  383 U.S. 663 (1966).
</mixed-citation>